Here, we hypothesized that 6 months of aerobic exercise training would be associated with improved cognitive functioning and cerebrovascular function. To date, no study has investigated the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention on cognition and cerebrovascular regulation measured with TCD, in response to both euoxic hypercapnia and submaximal exercise. Fewer have used transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), 15 a noninvasive and relatively cheaper technique with great temporal resolution. 12, – 14 Many used arterial spin labeling, a technique that examines changes in blood flow in the brain with a high level of spatial but poor temporal resolution. Several studies have analyzed the relationship between exercise and cerebral blood flow (CBF). 4, – 7 A recent systematic review 6 reported that 9 of 10 studies found beneficial effects, 8 including improvements in memory, 9 attention, executive functioning, 10, 11 and cerebrovascular perfusion. 3Įxercise has been shown to have numerous beneficial effects, including on brain health. 2 Consequential cognitive decline is typically seen in memory, executive functioning, and processing speed. 1 Arterial stiffness is due in part to endothelial dysfunction, which alters the ability of blood vessels to dilate in response to nitric oxide, resulting in reduced blood flow. With increasing age, both maximal heart rate and cardiorespiratory fitness decline due to increased arterial stiffness and fibrosis, among other factors.
Normal aging is typically associated with both physical and cognitive decline. From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (V.G., L.L.D., A.V.T., G.A.E., M.J.P.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (V.G., L.L.D., A.V.T., R.S.L., M.D.H., D.B.H., M.J.P.), Division of Geriatric Medicine (D.B.H.), Department of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (V.G., L.L.D., A.V.T., M.D.H., D.B.H., M.J.P.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (T.J.A., M.J.P.), O'Brien Institute for Public Health (V.G., D.B.H., M.J.P.), Department of Cardiac Sciences (T.J.A.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, and Department of Community Health Sciences (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Kinesiology (M.J.P.), and Department of Psychology (R.S.L.), University of Calgary Psychology Service (R.S.L.), Alberta Health Service, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary Department of Psychiatry (G.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (G.A.E.), Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory (M.H.D.), Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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